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درباره این کتاب:
"In view of
tremendous development in the area of
biotechnology, algal biotechnology is a
fascinating field that has attracted many
researchers in the past two decades.
Considering its potential and future
applications for human well-being, studies
related to basics and applied aspects of
commercially important microalgae need to
be focused. Keeping this in mind,
comprehensive details starting form
culture collection to metabolite
production in microalgae need to be
addressed and hence, our book
"AppliedAlgal Biotechnology" will
definitely provide valuable information
and exciting results-based techniques that
will easily guide young researchers, PhD
scholars and also UG and PG students. In
the present research scenario, every plant
sciences laboratories has a separate unit
for microalgal biotechnology to better
understand the basic concepts that make
microalgae an alternate model system that
can compete with Arabidopsis thaliana. The
strategies starting from isolation,
identification, medium preparation,
culturing condition, metabolite
production, novel gene isolation and its
expression pattern under the influence of
different biotic and abiotic stress
condition, genetic transformation in
homologous/heterologous host etc., are
very much essential for the fruitful
execution of research""--
■ در این کتاب چه
میخوانیم:
Table of contents :
1.1. Introduction 1.2. Classification of
Algae Conclusion Summary Future
Perspectives Acknowledgments References
Chapter 2 Interactions between Algae and
Bacteria: Ecology and Evolution Abstract
2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Why Algae
Bacterial Interaction Is Important 2.1.2.
Photosynthesis 2.1.3. Differences between
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 2.1.4.
Environment 2.1.5. Size of Algae and
Bacteria 2.1.6. Reproduction 2.1.7.
Bacterial Evolution and Benefitted Algae
2.2. Ecology of Algal–Bacterial
Interactions 2.2.1. Mutualism 2.2.2.
Commensalism 2.2.3. Parasitism 2.2.4.
Lichens Symbiosis 2.2.5. Tolerance of
Extreme Environments 2.3. Mechanism of
Interactions in the Ecosystem 2.3.1.
Energy Production 2.4. Omics Approach to
Illuminate Interactions 2.5. Environmental
Applications 2.5.1. Nutrient Removal and
Wastewater Treatment 2.6. Bioremediation
2.7. Biotechnological Application
Potential 2.8. Bio-Ethanol Production 2.9.
Sustainable Aquaculture Uses 2.10. Present
and Future Prospects Conclusion
Acknowledgments References Chapter 3
Collection, Isolation, and Purification of
Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Abstract 3.1.
Introduction 3.2. Collection of Samples
3.3. Preservation of Samples 3.4. Cleaning
of Diatom Frustules 3.5. Preparation of
Permanent Slides 3.6. Microscopic
Observation and Microphotography 3.7.
Identification, Taxonomy and Documentation
of Microalgae 3.8. Isolation and
Purification of Microalgae 3.9. Types of
Cultures 3.10. Preparation of Unialgal
Cultures 3.11. Preparation of Axenic
Cultures 3.12. Culture Parameters 3.13.
Selection and Preparation of Media
Conclusion Summary Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment References Chapter 4
Photosynthesis in Algae 1. Introduction 2.
Plastid Evolution and Endosymbiotic Theory
3. Pigment Compositions in Algae 4.
Photosynthetic Apparatus 5. Light Trapping
Mechanism and Electron Transfer 6.
Structure and Activity of Rubisco 7.
Carbon Fixation through CO2 Concentrating
Mechanisms References Chapter 5 Secondary
Metabolites of Microalgae Abstract
Abbreviations 5.1. Introduction 5.2.
Microalgae Secondary Metabolites 5.3.
Isoprenoids 5.4. Carotenoids 5.4.1.
β-Carotene 5.4.2. Astaxanthin 5.4.3.
Canthaxanthin 5.4.4. Cryptoxanthin 5.4.5.
Zeaxanthin 5.5. Terpenoids 5.5.1.
β-Cyclocitral 5.5.2. Limonene 5.5.3.
Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB)
5.5.4. Noscomin 5.5.5. Tolypodiol 5.5.6.
Bacteriohopanetetrol Glucuronisides 5.6.
Sterols 5.6.1. Phytosterol 5.7. Phenolic
Compounds 5.7.1. Flavonoids 5.7.2.
Quercetin 5.7.3. Rutin
(Quercetin-3-Rhamnosyl Glucoside) 5.8.
Halogenated Compounds 5.9. Fatty Acid
Derivatives 5.9.1. Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids (PUFA) 5.9.2. Arachidonic Acid (AA)
5.9.3. γ-Linolenic Acid (GLA) 5.9.4.
α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) 5.9.5.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 5.9.6.
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) 5.10.
Polyketides 5.11. Amino Acid-Derived
Microalgae Secondary Metabolites 5.11.1.
Alkaloids 5.11.2. Mycosporin-Like Amino
Acids (MAAs) 5.11.3. Scytonemin 5.12.
Polyamines 5.13. Toxins Conclusion
References Chapter 6 Lipids Biosynthesis
in Microalgae Abstract Abbreviations 6.
Introduction 6.1. Microalgal Lipids 6.1.1.
Polar-Structural Lipids 6.1.2. Glycolipids
6.1.3. Phospholipids 6.1.4.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 6.2.
Nonpolar-Neutral Lipids 6.2.1.
Triglycerides (TAGs) 6.2.2. Free Fatty
Acids (FFAs) 6.3. Lipid Accumulation 6.4.
Biosynthesis of Lipids 6.4.1.
Photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) 6.4.2.
Glycolysis 6.4.3. Citric Acid Cycle 6.4.4.
Fatty Acid Synthesis 6.4.5. PUFA Synthesis
6.4.6. Kennedy Pathway- Triacylglycerol
Formation (TAG) 6.5. Gene Expression
Profile of Lipid 6.5.1. ACC (Acetyl-CoA
Carboxylase) 6.5.2. ACS (Acetyl CoA
Synthase) 6.5.3. Malic Enzyme (ME) 6.5.4.
PFK2 (Phosphofructo-2-Kinase) 6.5.5.
Glycerol Kinase (GK) 6.5.6.
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G3PDH)
6.5.7. NAD(H) Kinase 6.5.8. Ferredoxins
(FDX) 6.5.9. TAG Synthesis Coding Genes
6.5.10. Growth Promoter Gene Conclusion
References Chapter 7 Strategies for Lipid
Enhancement in Microalgae Abstract 7.1.
Algae-Based Biofuel - An Introduction 7.2.
Biodiesel from Microalgae - Pros and Cons
7.3. Strategies for Lipid Enhancement in
Microalgae 7.3.1. Screening and Selection
of Suitable Microalgal Species 7.3.2.
Strain Improvement 7.3.2.1. Traditional
Approaches 7.3.2.2. Modern Approaches
7.3.2.2.1. Genetic Engineering 7.3.2.2.2.
Metabolic Engineering 7.4. Manipulation of
Nutrient Factors 7.4.1. Optimization of
Culture Media Composition and Carbon
Dioxide 7.4.2. Nitrogen Starvation 7.4.3.
Phosphorous Limitation 7.4.4. Metal Stress
7.4.4.1. Iron 7.4.4.2. Sulfur 7.4.4.3.
Silicon 7.4.5. Growth Hormones 7.4.6.
Utilization of Low-Cost Substrates 7.4.7.
Addition of Anti-Oxidants 7.5.
Manipulation of Growth Parameters 7.5.1.
Light Intensity 7.5.2. Temperature 7.5.3.
Salinity 7.6. Maximizing Biomass
Production 7.7. Bioreactor Strategies for
Maximizing Lipid Production 7.7.1
Two-Stage Cultivation 7.8. Co-Cultivation
of Microalgae with Other Microalgae,
Yeasts, and Bacteria 7.9. Application of
Process System Engineering Tools 7.10.
Strategies concerned with Downstream
Processing Conclusion and Future
Prospectives References Chapter 8 Genetic
Transformation and Metabolic Engineering
in Algae Abstract 8.0. Introduction 8.1.
Genetic Transformation – Is It Needed for
Algae 8.2. Possibility of Gene
Transformation in Algae 8.3. Genetic
Transformation Methods in Algae 8.3.1.
Electroporation 8.3.2. Particle
Bombardment 8.3.3. Glass Bead Method
8.3.4. Cell Suspension Method 8.4.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer 8.5.
Other Successful Gene Transformation
Attempts 8.6. Metabolic Pathway
Engineering 8.7. Identification and
Isolation of Algal Genes 8.8. Cloning and
Functional Characterization of Algal Genes
8.9. Marker Gene Transformation for
Antibiotic Selection 8.10. Metabolic
Engineering - Carotenoid Production 8.11.
Metabolic Engineering for PUFA Production
8.12. Genetic Engineering to Increase the
Length and Unsaturation of Fatty Acids
8.13. Metabolic Engineering for Biodiesel
Production 8.14. Problems in Genetic
Transformation in Algae Conclusion
References Chapter 9 Scale Up Methods
Microalgae Cultures Abstract 9.
Introduction 9.1. Mass Culture of
Microalgae 9.1.1. Open-Culture Systems
9.1.2. Enclosed-Culture Systems 9.2.
Limits to Growth in Open Raceway Ponds
9.2.1. Light 9.2.2. Photosynthesis and
Photon Utilisation Efficiency 9.2.3.
Temperature 9.2.3. CO2, pH and O2 9.2.4.
Nutrients 9.2.5. Salinity 9.2.6. Mixing
9.2.7. Contamination and Other
Limitations/Inhibitions 9.2.8. Scaling up
of Microalgal Culture – Constraints and
Requirements Conclusion and Future
Perspective Acknowledgments References
Chapter 10 Harvesting of Microalgae and
Downstream Processing Abstract 10.1.
Introduction 10.2. Significance of
Microalgal Harvesting and Downstream
Processing in Algal Biotechnology 10.3.
Harvesting Techniques 10.3.1.
Centrifugation 10.3.2. Membrane Filtration
and Flotation 10.3.3.
Sedimentation-Flocculation 10.4.
Dewatering – An Essential Supplement to
Harvesting 10.5. Downstream Processing
10.5.1. Total Lipid Extraction 10.5.1.1.
Folch Method 10.5.1.2. Bligh and Dyer
Method 10.5.1.3. Extraction of All Classes
of Lipids 10.5.1.4. Ecofriendly Solvent
Extraction Methods 10.5.1.5. In Situ Lipid
Hydrolysis and Supercritical in Situ
Transesterification (SC-IST/E) 10.6.
Energy Efficient Strategies in Microalgal
Biomass Harvesting 10.6.1. Algal
Microfluidics 10.6.2. Scale-Up Operation
and Other Challenges in Biofuel Industry
10.7. Summary and Future Perspective
Acknowledgment References Chapter 11
Commercial Applications of Algae in the
Field of Biotechnology Abstract 11.1.
Introduction 11.2. Algae in Human and
Animal Nutrition 11.3. Aquaculture Feed
11.4. Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals 11.5.
Biofertilizers 11.6. Biofuel 11.7.
Bioremediation 11.8. Phyconanotechnology
11.9. Genetic Engineering and GM Algae
11.9.1. Production of Recombinant Proteins
in Microalgae 11.9.2. PHB Production
through Genetic Manipulation Techniques
Conclusion References Chapter 12
Nutraceuticals and Therapeutic
Applications of Algae Abstract 12.1.
Introduction 12.2. Functional Foods from
Algae 12.2.1. Algae as Source of Proteins
12.2.2. Algae as Source of Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 12.2.3. Algae as a
Source of Natural Food Colorants 12.2.4.
Algae as a Source of Vitamins and Minerals
12.2.5. Algae as a Source of Antioxidants
12.2.6. Algae in Animal Nutrition 12.2.7.
Aquaculture 12.2.8. Poultry 12.2.9. Algae
in Cosmetics 12.3. Microalgae - Its
Therapeutic Applications 12.3.1.
Microalgal Derived Products in
Cardiovascular Protection 12.3.2. Use of
Microalgal Derived Omega-3 PUFAs in
Neurological Applications 12.3.3.
Anticancer Agents Derived from Algae and
Its Use in Cancer Therapeutics 12.3.4.
Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from
Algae and Its Use in Therapeutic
Applications Conclusion References Chapter
13 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Role and
Applications in Agriculture Abstract 13.1.
Introduction 13.2. Diversity of Microalgae
and Cyanobacteria in Crop Fields 13.3.
Functionality Framework of Algae and
Cyanobacteria 13.3.1. Plant Related
Frameworks 13.3.2. Soil Related Frameworks
13.3.2.1. Soil Fertility Improvement
13.3.2.2. Uptake of N and P 13.3.2.3.
Nitrogen Fixation 13.3.2.4. Contribution
to Organic Matter 13.3.2.5. Soil
Reclamation 13.4. Importance of Microalgal
Extracellular Substances 13.4.1. Plant
Growth Promoting Activity 13.4.2. Role of
Extra Cellular Polysaccharides Produced
13.5. Role of Microalgae for Phytopathogen
Biocontrol 13.6. Role of Cyanobacteria as
Biofertilizer and Biocontrol Agents 13.7.
Agricultural Wastewater Treatment by
Microalgae 13.7.1. Remediation of Heavy
Metal Contamination 13.7.2. Soil Aggregate
Stabilization 13.8. Recent Trends in
Microalgae and Cyanobacterial
Bio-Inoculants 13.8.1.
Microalgae/Cyanobacteria and Irrigation
Water 13.9. Algae as Bioinoculants 13.9.1.
Large Scale Algal Growth 13.9.2.
Formulations of Algal Inoculants 13.9.3.
Challenges in Commercialization Conclusion
and Future Perspectives References Chapter
14 Biofuels and Hydrocarbons from Algae
14.1. Introduction 14.2. Energy Crises
14.2.1. Global Warming and Climate Change
14.3. Bioenergy 14.3.1. Fuel from
Divergent Biomass 14.3.1.1. First
Generation Biofuel 14.3.1.2. Second
Generation Biofuel 14.3.1.3. Third
Generation Biofuel 14.3.3. Biogas
Production from Algal Biomass 14.3.4. Net
Energy Ratio (NER) Analysis 14.4.
Improvement of Microalgal Biomass 14.4.1.
Culture Techniques 14.4.1.1.
Photoautotrophic Cultivation 14.4.1.2.
Heterotrophic Cultivation 14.4.1.3.
Mixotrophic Cultivation 14.4.1.4.
Photoheterotrophic Cultivation 14.5.
Biodiesel Production 14.5.1. Enhancement
of Lipid Productivity in Microalgae
14.5.2. Lipid Extraction 14.5.2.1.
Conventional Method 14.5.2.2. One Step
Transesterification 14.5.3. Hydrocarbon
14.6. Applications Conclusion References
Chapter 15 Biofilm of Cyanobacteria:
Environmental Applications Abstract 15.1.
Introduction 15.1.1. Biofilm Producing
Cyanobacteria 15.1.2. Factors Influence
the Formation of Biofilm 15.1.3.
Structural Diversity of Biofilm 15.2.
Environmental Application of Biofilm 15.3.
Role of Biofilm in Soil Conservation 15.4.
Biofilm and Nutrient Availability to the
Plant Community 15.5. Role of Biofilm in
Biodegradation 15.6. Biofilm in Wastewater
Treatment 15.7. Role of Biofilm in
Biofouling and Its Environmental
Consequences 15.8. Biotechnological
Application 15.8.1. Biofilm for
Glycotherapy 15.8.2. Glycans of Biofilm as
Drug Delivery Device 15.8.3. Glycans of
Biofilm as Vaccines 15.9. Future
Prospective Conclusion References Chapter
16 Algae: CO2 Sequestration and
Biorefinery Abstract 16.1. Introduction
16.2. CO2 Capture and Storage Methods
16.3. CO2 Mitigation Strategy 16.4. Carbon
Capture by Algae 16.5. Carbon
Sequestration by Algae 16.6. Limitations
of Current Carbon Sequestration
Technologies 16.6.1. Chemical Absorption
16.6.2. Solid Adsorbents 16.6.3. Membrane
Technology 16.6.4. Cryogenic Fractionation
16.7. Recent Technologies to Enhance CO2
Solubility 16.7.1. Microbubble Technology
16.7.2. Membrane-Photobioreactor Summary
and Future Perspective References Chapter
17 Phycoremediation of Wastewater Abstract
17.1. Introduction 17.2. Bioremediation by
Microalgae 17.2.1. Bioremediation of Heavy
Metals 17.2.2. Bioremediation of Oil
17.2.3. Bioremediation of Pesticides
17.2.4. Bioremediation of Toxins 17.2.5.
Bioremediation of Radioactive Compounds
17.2.6. Methodology 17.2.7. High-Rate
Algal Ponds (HRAP) 17.2.8. Cell
Immobilization 17.3. Use of Strains with
Special Attributes 17.4. Micro Algae at
Wastewater Pond Treatment in Cold Climate
Conclusion Acknowledgment References
Chapter 18 Cyanobacteria Mediated
Remediation of Estrone: An Emerging
Pollutant Present in Aquatic Bodies
Abstract 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Sources
of Estrone 18.3. Estrone as Hormone and as
EDC 18.4. Mechanism of Action of Estrone
as EDC 18.5. Degradation of Estrone
Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgments References Chapter 19
Microalgal Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles:
Current Status and Future Prospects
Abstract 19.1. Introduction 19.2.
Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
19.3. Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide
Nanoparticle 19.4. Applications of Zinc
Oxide Nanoparticles 19.4.1. Anti-cancer
Activity 19.4.2. Anti-diabetic Activity
19.4.3. Anti-bacterial Activity 19.4.4.
Anti-fungal Activity 19.4.5.
Anti-inflammatory Activity 19.4.6.
Bio-imaging of Cancerous Cells 19.5. Zinc
Oxide Nanoparticles as Nano-Biofertilizer
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