1 History of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Selective Breeding in Aquaculture and Fisheries 1
2 Phenotypic Variation and Environmental Effects 10
3 Basic Genetics, Qualitative Traits, and Selection for Qualitative Traits 27
4 Strain Evaluation, Domestication, and Strain Selection 37
5 Population Size, Inbreeding, Random Genetic Drift, and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 42
6 Gynogenesis, Androgenesis, Cloned Populations, and Nuclear Transplantation 53
7 Intraspecific Crossbreeding 64
8 Interspecific Hybridization 73
9 Selection and Correlated Responses to Selection 83
10 Polyploidy 104
11 Xenogenesis 139
12 Sex Determination 148
13 Sex Reversal and Breeding, Monosex Populations, and Sterility 161
14 Biochemical and Molecular Markers

15 Population Genetics and Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fish 204
16 Genomics, Gene Mapping, Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping, Marker-Assisted Selection, Genome-Wide Association Studies, and Genomic Selection 226
17 Gene Expression 254
18 Gene-Transfer Technology 282
19 Reverse Genetics, Gene Knockdown, Gene/Genome Editing, and Induced Mutations 319
20 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 338
21 Genotype–Environment Interactions 343
22 Commercial Application of Fish Biotechnology 349
23 Environmental Risk of Aquatic Organisms from Genetic Biotechnology 356
24 Genetic Sterilization to Reduce Environmental Risk of Genetically Altered Aquatic Organisms and Control Invasive Species 370
25 Food Safety and Consumer Acceptance of Transgenic Aquatic Organisms 384
26 A Case Example: Safety of Consumption of Transgenic Salmon Potentially Containing Elevated Levels of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 391
27 Government Regulation of Transgenic and Gene-Edited Fish and Biotechnology Products 405
28 Strategies for Genetic Conservation and Gene Banking 420
29 Ethics 423
30 Constraints and Limitations of Genetic Biotechnology