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درباره این کتاب:
The book
discusses the ways in which high
hydrostatic pressure (i.e. water pressure)
affects all grades of life which thrive at
pressures much greater those in our normal
environment. The deep sea is the best
known high pressure environment, where
pressures reach a thousand times greater
than those at the surface, yet it is
populated by a variety of animals and
microorganisms. The earth’s crust supports
microorganisms which live in water filled
pores at high pressure. In addition, the
load bearing joints of animals like
ourselves experience pulses of hydrostatic
pressure of a magnitude similar to the
pressure at mid ocean depths.
These pressures affect molecular
structures and biochemical reactions.
Basic cellular processes are drastically
affected – the growth and division of
cells, the way nerves conduct impulses and
the chemical reactions which provide
energy. Adaptation to high pressure
also occurs in complex physiological
systems such as those which provide
buoyancy. Probably the greatest
challenge to our understanding of
adaptation to high pressure is the
stabilisation of the nervous system of
deep sea animals to avoid convulsions
which pressure causes in shallow water
animals.
Additionally the book provides insight
into the engineering required to study
life at high pressure: equipment which can
trap small deep sea animals and retrieve
them at their high pressure, equivalent
equipment for microorganisms, laboratory
microscopes which can focus on living
cells under high pressure, incubators for
bacteria which require high pressure to
grow, high pressure aquaria for marine
animals and lastly and briefly, manned and
unmanned submersible vessels, Landers and
deep drill hole sampling. Rather like the
organisms studied many laboratory
instruments have been adapted to function
at high pressure.
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میخوانیم:
Table of contents :
Contents 1: High Pressure and
High-Pressure Environments 1.1
High-Pressure Environments 1.1.1 Measuring
Pressure Box 1.1 Units Used to Measure
Pressure 1.1.2 Negative Pressure 1.2 The
Deep Ocean 1.2.1 The Ocean Depths and
Their Inhabitants 1.2.2 Freshwater Lakes
and Ice 1.3 The Deep Biosphere 1.3.1
Oceanic Crust 1.3.2 Continental Crust 1.4
High-Pressure Joints 1.5 The Modern
Classification of Organisms Box 1.2
References 2: High Pressure: Molecules,
Chemical Process and Cellular Structures
2.1 Water, Dissolved Salts and Proteins
Box 2.1: Viscosity 2.2 Chemical Reactions
in Solution, at High Pressure 2.2.1
Equilibria Box 2.2: Effect of Pressure on
Dissociation 2.2.2 Rates of Reaction
2.2.2.1 Simple Reactions, Not Involving an
Enzyme 2.2.2.2 Enzyme Catalysed Reactions
Box 2.3: Measuring an Activation Volume
(DeltaV*) and an Equilibrium Volume
(DeltaV) 2.3 The Affinity of an Enzyme for
Its Substrate Box 2.4: Measuring How High
Pressure Affects the Affinity of an Enzyme
for Its Substrate 2.4 Cells Under High
Pressure 2.4.1 Cell Membranes Box 2.5:
Measuring the Fluidity of Lipid Bilayers
at High Pressure 2.4.2 Cytoplasm Box 2.6:
Cytoplasm Under High Pressure 2.4.3 Cell
Organelles 2.5 Prokaryotes 2.6 Proteins
2.6.1 Actin 2.6.2 Tubulin Box 2.7: Mitosis
2.6.3 A Special Enzyme, ATP Synthase
2.6.3.1 The ATP Synthase Under High
Pressure References 3: The High Pressure
Micro-environment of Vertebrate Load
Bearing Joints 3.1 Introduction 3.2
Micro-pressures 3.3 Load Bearing Joints;
Cartilage and Bone Cells Exist in
Pressurised Environments 3.3.1 Bone 3.4
Experiments with Chondrocytes 3.4.1 The
Response of Chondrocytes in Their Matrix
to Physiological Pressures 3.5 Does High
Hydrostatic Pressure Cause Pathological
Effects? 3.6 Conclusion References 4:
Effects of High Pressure on the Activity
of Ordinary Animals, Including Humans, and
on the Function of Their Excitable Cell...
4.1 Early and Modern Observations, Mostly
on Invertebrates Box 4.1: The Problem of
Very Small Hydrostatic Pressures 4.2
Effects of Pressure on the Activity of
Fish 4.3 Effects of Pressure on the
Activity of Air-Breathing Vertebrates
4.3.1 The Pressure Tolerance of Aquatic
and Air-Breathing Vertebrates 4.3.2 HPNS
4.3.3 Free Escape from Submarines 4.4
Reflexes 4.5 Excitable Membranes 4.5.1
Effects of Pressure on Isolated Neurons
Box 4.2: The Resting Potential 4.5.2
Measuring Ionic Currents by Different
Methods 4.5.3 How High Pressure Affects
Excitable Membranes 4.5.3.1 Single Channel
Recording at High Pressure 4.6 Effects of
Pressure on Synapses Box 4.3: The Working
Synapse Box 4.4 4.7 Post Script 4.8
Conclusion References 5: The Effects of
Decompression and Subsequent
Re-compression on the Activity of Deep-Sea
Animals and Eukaryote Cells. The Iso...
5.1 Deep-Sea Amphipods 5.1.1 Amphipods
Collected with Decompression 5.1.2
Amphipods from Lake Baikal 5.2 The
Isobaric Collection of Deep-Sea Animals:
Retrieval Without Decompression 5.2.1 The
Isobaric Trap 5.2.2 Other Isobaric
Collections 5.2.3 When to Use Isobaric
Collecting Equipment? 5.2.4 The Isobaric
Collection of Deep-Sea Fish 5.3
Resuscitation of Animals and Their Tissues
from the Effects of Hydraulic
Decompression 5.3.1 The Resuscitation of
Deep-Sea Fish by High Pressure 5.3.1.1
Fish from Lake Baikal 5.3.2 The
Resuscitation of Isolated Fish Tissue by
High Pressure 5.3.2.1 Fish Swimming Muscle
5.3.2.2 Fish Heart Muscle 5.3.3 Fish
Neurons 5.4 The Tolerance of Other
Deep-Sea Animals to Decompression 5.4.1
Animals from Great and Moderate Depths
5.4.2 The Antioxidative Defences of
Deep-Sea Animals 5.4.3 Deep-Sea Fish Cells
and Tissues In Vitro 5.5 Other Deep-Sea
Animals 5.6 Microbial Eukaryotes 5.6.1
Protists 5.6.2 Fungi 5.7 Conclusion
References 6: Molecular Adaptation to High
Pressure: Proteins in Deep-Sea Animals 6.1
Protein Adaptation 6.1.1 Intrinsic
Adaption of Proteins to High Pressure
6.1.1.1 Structural Proteins 6.1.1.2
Enzymes 6.1.1.3 Visual Pigments Box 6.1
Opsins 6.2 Extrinsic Adaptation of
Proteins to High Pressure 6.2.1 Pressure
Protection 6.2.2 Compatible Solutes 6.2.3
TMAO in Deep-Sea Animals 6.2.4 Some
Implications of the Extrinsic Adaptation
of Proteins to High Pressure 6.3 How Does
TMAO Counteract the Effects of High
Pressure on Proteins? 6.4 Conclusions
References 7: Molecular Adaptation to High
Pressure: Membranes 7.1 Homeoviscous
Adaptation 7.2 Membranes from Deep-sea
Fish 7.2.1 The Fluidity of the Lipid
Bilayer in Deep-sea Fish Membranes 7.2.2
The Lipid Composition of Deep-sea Fish
Membranes 7.3 Homeoviscous Adaptation in
the Membranes of Deep-sea Bacteria 7.3.1
Some Physiological Functions Related to
the Membranes of Marine Bacteria 7.4
Bacteria in the Deep Biosphere 7.4.1
Sample Collection 7.4.2 Membrane Lipids in
Bacteria From the Deep Biosphere 7.5
Homeoviscous Adaptation: Other Aspects 7.6
Do Shallow Water Cells Show Homeoviscous
Adaptation When Exposed to High Pressure?
References 8: Prokaryotes at High Pressure
in the Oceans and Deep Biosphere 8.1
Microorganisms in the Deep Sea and Their
Collection 8.2 Effects of Decompression on
Deep-Sea Bacteria 8.2.1 Bacteria
Decompressed During Collection and
Recompressed 8.2.2 Isobaric Samples 8.2.3
Bacteria from the Hadal Zone 8.3 Growing
Bacteria at High Pressure 8.3.1 Continuous
Culture Methods 8.4 Pressure Experienced
by Sinking Particles 8.5 Eukaryotic
Microorganisms 8.6 Viruses 8.7
Microorganisms in the Deep Biosphere 8.7.1
The Presence and Activity of
Microorganisms in the Deep Biosphere 8.7.2
Growth in High-Pressure Gases 8.7.3 High
Partial Pressures of Helium, Hydrogen and
Methane 8.7.4 Gases Important in the Deep
Biosphere 8.8 Isobaric Samples from the
Deep Biosphere 8.8.1 CORKs and FLOCS 8.8.2
Pollution in Deep Environments:
Hydrocarbons and Other Toxic Compounds 8.9
Adaptations of the Enzymes of Deep Sea and
Deep Biosphere Microorganisms to High
Pressure 8.9.1 Intrinsic Adaptation of
Microbial Proteins to High Pressure 8.9.2
Extrinsic Adaptations of Proteins 8.10
Conclusion References 9: Hydrothermal
Vents: The Inhabitants, Their Way of Life
and Their Adaptation to High Pressure 9.1
Hydrothermal Vents: Physical Conditions
9.2 Geobiochemistry and the Origin of Life
Box 9.1 Extraterrestrial Life 9.3 The
Inhabitants of the Vent Sites 9.3.1
Animals 9.3.1.1 The Tubeworm Riftia
9.3.1.2 Other Worms 9.3.1.3 Crabs and
Mussels 9.3.1.4 Shrimps 9.3.1.5 Fish 9.3.2
Microorganisms 9.3.2.1 Eukaryote
Microorganisms 9.3.2.2 Protists 9.4
Prokaryotes 9.4.1 Archaea 9.4.2 Bacteria
9.4.2.1 Bacteria Growing on Substrates
9.4.2.2 Bacteria in Water Samples 9.5
Viruses and Other Mobile Genetic Elements
9.6 Homeoviscous Adaptation in
Hydrothermal Vent Organisms 9.6.1 Animals
9.6.2 Bacteria 9.6.3 Archaea 9.6.3.1
Archaeal Lipids 9.6.3.2 Methanococcus
janaschii 9.6.3.3 Thermococcus barophilus
9.7 The Dispersal from, and the
Colonisation of, Hydrothermal Vents 9.7.1
Dispersal from Hydrothermal Vents 9.7.2
Abyssal and Benthic Animals Also Produce
Planktonic Larva 9.7.3 Pelagic Adults and
Larvae 9.7.4 Colonisation References 10:
Buoyancy at Depth 10.1 Densities of Sea
Water and Cell Constituents 10.2 Small
Planktonic Organisms 10.3 Buoyancy in
Larger Animals Living at Significant
Pressures 10.3.1 Ionic Regulation in
Bathypelagic Squid 10.4 Gas Phase Buoyancy
10.4.1 Cephalopods Box 10.1 Solute Coupled
Water Transport in Nautilus 10.4.2 The
Gas-Filled Swim Bladder of Bony Fishes Box
10.2 Hydrostatic pressure affects gas
solubility 10.4.3 Other Functions of the
Swim Bladder 10.5 Buoyancy Provided by Oil
and Lipid 10.5.1 The Sperm Whale 10.5.2
Fish Buoyed by Oil and Lipids 10.5.2.1
Cartilaginous Fish 10.5.2.2 Bony Fish
References 11: Divers: Air-Breathing
Animals, Including Humans, at High
Pressure 11.1 Breath-Hold Diving 11.1.1
Humans 11.1.2 Specialised Deep-Diving
Birds and Mammals 11.2 Deep-Diving Lungs
Under Pressure 11.2.1 Consequences of Gas
Dissolved in Tissues Under Pressure
11.2.1.1 Nitrogen 11.2.1.2 Oxygen 11.3
Pressure Effects on Some Cells in Diving
Animals 11.3.1 Muscle Enzymes 11.3.2 Red
Cells 11.3.3 Platelets 11.3.4 Excitable
Cells 11.4 Human Diving Supported by a
Self-Contained Gas Supply 11.4.1 Gases
Breathed at High Pressure 11.4.2 Oxygen
11.4.3 Nitrogen and Other Anaesthetic
Inert Gases 11.4.3.1 Anaesthesia and Inert
Gas Narcosis Are Reversed by Pressure Box
11.1 11.5 The High-Pressure Neurological
Syndrome, HPNS 11.6 Decompression 11.7
Conclusion References 12: Adaptation to
High Pressure in the Laboratory 12.1
Microorganisms 12.1.1 Escherichia coli
12.1.2 Other Examples of Organisms
Surviving Very High Pressures 12.1.3
Photobacterium profundum 12.1.4 Other
Microorganisms 12.1.5 Yeast, Saccharomyces
sp., a Eukaryote Microorganism 12.2
Animals 12.2.1 Shallow Water Animals
12.2.1.1 The Design of Experiments
Eliciting Stress Responses and the
Expression of Other Genes 12.2.2 Animals
from Deeper Water: Acclimation to
Atmospheric Pressure 12.2.3 Genetic
Adaptation 12.2.4 The Eel, Anguilla
anguilla 12.3 Conclusion References 13:
High-Pressure Equipment for Use in the
Laboratory, at Sea and at Depth 13.1
Generating High Pressure 13.1.1 Pumps
13.1.2 Generating Pressure by
Centrifugation 13.2 High-Pressure Plumbing
13.3 Pressure Vessels 13.4 Safety 13.5
Examples of High-Pressure Experimental
Apparatus 13.5.1 Experiments with Small
Animals 13.5.2 Electrical Recording at
High Pressure (Fig. 13.2) 13.5.2.1 Patch
Clamp Recording at High Pressure 13.5.3
Other High-Pressure Apparatus 13.5.3.1
Stopping a Reaction at High Pressure
13.5.3.2 Starting a Physiological Reaction
at High Pressure 13.5.3.3 Measuring High
Hydrostatic Pressure in Load-Bearing
Joints 13.6 High-Pressure Windows 13.6.1
Small High-Pressure Windows 13.6.2 Large
High-Pressure Windows 13.7 The Isobaric
Collection and Transfer of Organisms from
High-Pressure Environments Box 13.1
Isobaric Collection of Small Deep-Sea
Animals 13.7.1 Isobaric Collection of
Deep-Sea Animals Using Equipment Operated
from a Surface Ship 13.7.1.1 Isobaric
Trapping of Benthic Animals 13.7.2
Isobaric Collection of Fish from a Surface
Ship 13.7.3 The Isobaric Collection of
Animals Using a Submersible 13.8 The
Isobaric Collection of Microorganisms
13.8.1 Meso and Bathy Pelagic
Microorganisms 13.8.2 DEEPBATH 13.8.3
Microorganisms from Deep-Sea Animals
13.8.4 Fluid and Dissolved Gas Samplers
13.9 Isobaric Recovery from the Deep
Biosphere 13.9.1 Isobaric Drill Cores
13.9.2 CORKS and FLOCS: Drill Hole
Sampling
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