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درباره این کتاب:
"In the
history of humankind, the sea has
always played a key role as a privileged
medium for communication, commerce and
contact among population centers. It
constitutes an essential ecosystem, and an
invaluable reservoir and source of food
for all living beings. Therefore, its
heath is a critical challenge for the
survival of all humanity, particularly as
one the most important environmental
components targeted by global warming.
Measuring and monitoring techniques are
key tools for managing the marine
environment and for supporting the Blue
Economy. With this perspective, a series
of annual international events, entitled
Metrology for the Sea (MetroSea for short)
was begun in 2017. Their increasing
success inspired this book, which provides
an anthology
of tutorials dealing with a
representative selection of topics of
concern to a broad readership.
The book covers two broad
application areas, marine hydrography and
meteorology, and then deals with
instrumentation for measurement at sea.
Typical metrological issues such as
calibration and traceability, are
considered, for both physical and chemical
quantities. Key techniques, such as
underwater acoustic investigation, remote
sensing, measurement of waves and
monitoring networks, are treated alongside
marine geology and the monitoring of
animal species. Economic and legal aspects
of metrology for navigation are also
discussed. Such an unparalleled wide
vision of measurement for the sea will be
of interest to a broad audience of
scientists, engineers, economists, and
their students..
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میخوانیم:
Table of contents :
Chapter 1: Hydrography: From Marine Data
to Information 1.1 Hydrography: An Applied
Science 1.2 4D Reference Frame 1.2.1 The
Measure 1.2.2 The Reference 1.2.3 4D
Reference Frame 1.2.3.1 The Instrumental
Reference Frame 1.2.3.2 Among the
Instruments and the Results: The Body
Frame 1.2.3.3 The Position Reference Frame
1.2.3.4 The Vertical Reference Frame
1.2.3.5 The Time Reference Frame 1.3 The
Hydrographic Measures 1.3.1 The
Positioning 1.3.2 The Attitude 1.3.3 The
Depth 1.3.3.1 The Singlebeam Echosounder
(SBES) 1.3.3.2 The Multibeam Echosounder
(MBES) 1.3.3.3 The Airborne Lidar
Bathymetry (ALB) 1.4 The Hydrographic
Standards 1.4.1 The IHO Standard 1.5 From
Marine Data to Information 1.5.1 Data
Processing 1.5.2 From Data to Marine
Spatial Data Infrastructures 1.5.3 A Look
into the Future References Chapter 2:
Measurements for Meteorology 2.1
Introduction 2.2 Organization of Marine
Meteorological Services 2.3 Weather
Observations from Ships 2.3.1 Automatic
Weather Stations (AWS) 2.3.2 Radio
Soundings 2.4 Ocean-Atmosphere Heat Fluxes
2.5 Observations from Buoys 2.5.1 Moored
Buoys 2.5.1.1 Anemometers 2.5.1.2
Barometers 2.5.1.3 Air-Temperature Sensors
2.5.1.4 Solar Radiation 2.5.1.5 Relative
Humidity 2.5.1.6 Precipitation 2.5.1.7
Power Source and Data Management 2.5.2
Drifting Buoys 2.6 Future Developments
References Chapter 3: Measurements for
Oceanography 3.1 Introduction 3.2
Thermohaline Measurements from Ship 3.2.1
CTD and Rosette 3.2.2 Vertical Profiles
Collected from a Moving Vessel: XBT, XCTD,
Underway CTD, and Their Evolution 3.3
Current Measurement 3.3.1 Lagrangian
Instruments 3.3.2 Eulerian Oceanographic
Observations: Moorings 3.4 Unmanned
Vehicles 3.4.1 Floats 3.4.2 Glider and
Wave Glider References Chapter 4:
Metrology for the Sea: Physical Quantities
4.1 Temperature 4.1.1 Temperature: A
Physical Quantity 4.1.2 The International
Temperature Scale of 1990 or ITS-90 4.1.3
Temperature Sensing Technology Used in
Oceanography and Measurement Errors 4.2
Salinity 4.2.1 The Historical Definitions
of Salinity 4.2.2 The Conductivity of
Seawater and Its Measurement 4.2.3
Technology of Conductivity Sensors 4.2.4
Calibration of Conductivity Sensors 4.2.5
Instruments under Development to Measure
Absolute Salinity 4.3 Pressure 4.3.1 Why
and How Do We Measure Pressure? 4.3.2
Pressure Sensors Technologies and
Calibration 4.4 Current 4.4.1 Why and How
Do We Measure Currents? 4.4.2 Operating
Principles of Doppler Current Meters 4.4.3
Calibration Methods of Doppler Current
Meters References Chapter 5: Metrology for
the Sea: Chemical Quantities 5.1 Measuring
in the Chemical Sciences 5.1.1 Definitions
Are Not Boring, but Highly Exciting 5.1.2
From Sampling to Measurement 5.1.3
Calibration and Metrological Traceability
5.1.4 Validation of Analytical
(Measurement) Procedure 5.1.5 Measurement
Uncertainty 5.1.6 Reporting Measurement
Result 5.1.7 Errors 5.2 Quality Criteria
for the Seawater and Seafood 5.3 Measuring
210Po in the Gulf of Trieste and Acidity
in Olive Oils References Chapter 6:
Sensors, Measurements, and Analysis for
Underwater Acoustic Investigation 6.1
Introduction 6.1.1 Why Acoustics 6.1.2
Terminology, Units, and Measurements
Parameters 6.1.3 How to See the Sound
6.1.4 Fundamental Concepts of SONAR
Equation 6.2 Acoustic Sensors 6.2.1
Transducer 6.2.2 Ceramics Measurement and
Usage 6.2.3 SONAR Sensors 6.2.4
Single–Multi-Beam Echo Sounder 6.2.5
Side-Looking SONAR 6.2.6 Acoustic Baseline
6.3 Localization, Processing, and Analysis
6.3.1 Target Motion Analysis 6.3.2
Triangulation 6.3.3 Time Difference of
Arrival or Cross-Correlation Method 6.3.4
Multipath Passive Ranging 6.3.5
Conventional Beamforming 6.3.6 Spectral
Analysis 6.3.7 Image Processing 6.4
Measurements and Applications 6.4.1
Underwater Radiated Noise 6.4.2 Transducer
Evaluation and Measurement 6.5 The
Unmanned Way to the Acoustic Investigation
6.5.1 Manned-Unmanned C3S and the Security
Issue 6.5.2 Interoperability Between
Heterogeneous Assets 6.5.3 Autonomous
Behavior and Navigation 6.5.4
Long-Endurance Vehicles for Long-Term
Missions 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter
7: Measurement of Sea Waves 7.1 Modelling
and Measuring of Sea Waves 7.1.1 Ocean
Waves: A Brief Review 7.1.2 Wave Spectra
7.1.3 Sea Wave Monitoring Techniques 7.2
Spectral Analysis of Sea Waves 7.2.1
Spectrum Estimation 7.2.2 Spectral
Analysis of Simulated Sea Wave Measurement
Data 7.2.3 Estimation of Sea State
Parameters from Estimated Spectra 7.3 Sea
Wave Monitoring Based on Ship Motion
Measurement and Analysis 7.3.1 A Brief
Theoretical Review 7.3.2 Assessment of Sea
State Parameters 7.3.3 Assessment of Sea
State Parameters 7.4 Sea Wave Monitoring
by Coastal HF Radars 7.5 Future
Developments References Chapter 8: Remote
Sensing Applications in Satellite
Oceanography 8.1 Introduction 8.2
Technical Background 8.2.1 Electromagnetic
Radiation 8.2.2 Satellite Orbits 8.2.3
Imaging Techniques and Data Processing 8.3
Visible Imagery 8.3.1 Ocean Color
Measurements 8.3.2 Sensors and Platforms
8.3.3 Ocean Color Applications 8.4
Infrared Radiometry 8.4.1 Sea Surface
Temperature Infrared Observations 8.4.2
Ice Surface Temperature 8.5 Passive
Microwave Radiometry 8.5.1 Physical
Aspects 8.5.2 Wind Speed and Sea Surface
Temperature 8.5.3 Sea Surface Salinity
8.5.4 Sea Ice Applications 8.6 Synthetic
Aperture Radar 8.6.1 Basics of Synthetic
Aperture Radar Imaging 8.6.2 Small-Size
Satellites Technology 8.6.3 The ICEYE
Constellation Mission 8.6.4 SAR Wind Speed
Retrieval 8.7 Radar Altimetry References
Chapter 9: Sea Monitoring Networks 9.1
Introduction 9.1.1 Scope and Main Types of
Marine Observation Network 9.1.2 Towards
an Integrated Observation System 9.2
Design of a Sea Monitoring Network 9.2.1
Identification of the Best Equipment 9.2.2
Identification of the Optimal Spatial and
Temporal Sampling 9.2.3 The Identification
of the Best Location and the Right Number
of Stations 9.3 Management of a Sea
Monitoring Network 9.3.1 Logistics and
Administrative Aspects 9.3.2 The
Fundamental Role of the Maintenance
Operations 9.3.3 Possible Expected and
Unexpected Events During the Network Life
9.3.4 The Principal Costs of a Sea
Monitoring Network 9.4 Data Management and
Dissemination 9.4.1 Validation 9.4.2 Data
Dissemination and Open Data 9.5 Some
Examples of Operative Sea Monitoring
Network 9.5.1 The In Situ Buoys Network
9.5.2 The In Situ Tide Gauges Network
9.5.3 The Coastal HF Radars Oceanographic
Network 9.5.4 The Seismic Signal Network
as a Challenging Way to Measure the Sea
State 9.5.5 Ship-Based Observation 9.5.6
Animal-Borne Instruments References
Chapter 10: Sea Level Measurement 10.1
Measurements of Sea Height 10.2 Relative
and Absolute Height 10.3 Sea Level
Uncertainty and Total Error Budget 10.4
Uses of Water Level for Marine Dynamics
Environment 10.4.1 Ocean Tide and Sea
Level Measurement 10.4.2 Ocean Dynamics,
Climate and Water Level Data 10.4.3
Hydrography and Navigation 10.5 Sea Level
Networks 10.6 Data Archaeology: Long-Term
Time Series References Chapter 11:
Measurements in Marine Geology: An Example
in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian
Sea) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Geomorphology
11.2.1 The Taranto Landslide 11.3
Stratigraphy and Sedimentology 11.3.1 The
Laser Granulometer 11.3.2 Content of
Carbonate 11.3.3 Content of Biogenic and
Terrigenous Clasts 11.3.4 X-Ray
Fluorescence Analysis 11.3.5 Outcomes of
Sedimentological and Stratigraphic
Measurements on C5 Core References Chapter
12: Computer Vision and Deep Learning
Applied to the Photo-identification of
Cetaceans 12.1 Introduction 12.2
Contour-Based Photo-identification 12.3
Smart Photo-Identification of Risso’s
Dolphins 12.3.1 Convolutional Neural
Networks 12.3.2 Image Cropping 12.3.3
Recognition of an Already Cataloged
Dolphin 12.4 SPIR 12.5 Conclusions
References Chapter 13: Economic and Legal
Implications of Setting Standards: The
Case of ISO Containers 13.1 A Brief
History of Shipping Containers’
Standardization 13.2 Benefits of
Containers’ Standardization 13.3 ISO
Standards Regarding Freight Containers:
The ISO 668:2020 Series 1 13.4 Juridical
Nature and Legal Issues of ISO Standards
for Freight Containers 13.5 Economic
Implications of Standards for Network
Industries 13.5.1 Transport as a Network
Industry 13.5.2 The Role of Standards in
Network Industries 13.6 The Impact of
Containers on the Shipping Industry 13.6.1
The Containerization of Commodities 13.7
The Effects on Transport-Related
Industries 13.8 Conclusion
◄ مطالعه
این کتاب برای کلیه علاقمندان آبزیان و
دانشجویان شیلات و زیستشناسی دریا، بنادر و
کشتیرانی و ... مفید است.
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