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درباره این کتاب:
Freshwater
Mycology: Perspectives of Fungal
Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems
presents chapters from expert
contributors around the world. Through
the contributed chapters, the
contributors explore the perspectives of
fungal dynamics in freshwater
ecosystems, especially their diversity,
distribution, functioning and role,
biotransformation and bioprospecting
potential, methodical advancements and
metagenomic insights. Written with
aquatic ecologists in mind, this book
provides information on oceanic,
estuarine and freshwater ecosystems not
currently well understood and identifies
new questions and answers about the
roles of mycology in aquatic ecosystems.
This topic is becoming an increasingly
important area to understand due to the
increasing global transports of microbes
due to climate change and human actions.
This is leading to a rapid loss of
healthy freshwater ecosystems, the grave
problem of antibiotic resistance, and
the rarity of qualified mycology
taxonomists and molecular
systematicians.
■ در این کتاب چه
میخوانیم:
Chapter 1
Aquatic hyphomycete spores: What do we
know, where do we go from here? 1
Introduction 2 Rethinking aquatic
hyphomycete spores: Going beyond its
discovery 3 Spore biodiversity research
gaps besets potential large scale patterns
and processes 4 Environmental cues for
aquatic hyphomycetes sporulation are
ambiguous 5 Mechanisms governing aquatic
hyphomycete spore production, germination
and viability require further attention 6
Aquatic hyphomycete spores may be
conveyors of essential molecules in food
webs 7 Conclusion Appendix: Supplementary
material Acknowledgments References
Chapter 2 Diversity of freshwater
ascomycetes in the Western Ghats of India
1 Introduction 2 Habitats and substrates 3
Species richness and diversity 3.1
Ascomycetes in Karnataka 4 Occurrence in
marine habitats 5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments References Chapter 3
Diversity of freshwater fungi in polar and
alpine lakes 1 Polar and alpine regions 2
Characteristics of polar and alpine lakes
3 Fungi in Arctic lakes 4 Fungi in
Antarctic lakes 5 Fungi in alpine lakes 6
Conclusions Acknowledgments References
Chapter 4 Fungal diversity in drinking
water distribution systems 1 Introduction
2 Ecology of fungi in water 2.1 Water
temperature 2.2 Nutrient concentration 2.3
Pipe material 2.4 Particle accumulation
2.5 Regulations 3 Maintenance methods 3.1
Water treatment and disinfection 3.2
Removal of fungi 3.3 Inactivation of fungi
4 Biotic variables and their effects on
the ecology of aquatic fungal taxa 4.1
Interactions with bacteria 4.2
Interactions with protozoa 4.3
Interactions with viruses 4.4 Interactions
with algae 5 Ways of exposure 5.1 Sources
of pathogenic or allergenic fungi 6
Pathways of exposure 7 Impacts on human
health 7.1 Direct health effects of fungal
infections 7.2 Fungal metabolites 7.3
Management of adverse health effects 7.4
Indirect health effects 7.4.1 Biocorrosion
7.4.2 Taste and odor issues 7.4.3 Fungal
compounds responsible for taste and odor
issues 8 Conclusions References Chapter 5
Phyllosphere of submerged plants: A
reservoir of mycobiota 1 Introduction 2
Isolation of phyllosphere fungi 3 Factors
affecting phyllosphere mycobiota 4 The
roles of phyllosphere fungi 4.1 Effect of
phyllosphere fungi on plant growth 4.2
Phyllosphere fungi as biocontrol agents
4.3 Phyllosphere fungi in bioremediation
4.4 Phyllosphere fungi as pathogens 5 The
most common fungi isolated from the
phyllosphere of submerged plants
References Chapter 6 Fungal organisms: A
check for harmful algal blooms 1
Introduction 2 Harmful algal bloom 2.1
Route of exposure 2.1.1 Direct exposure
2.1.2 Indirect exposure 2.2 Impact 2.2.1
Acute 2.2.2 Chronic 2.2.3 Organism and
habitat affected 2.3 Ecological impacts of
freshwater algal blooms on 2.3.1 Water
quality 2.3.2 Plankton biodiversity 2.3.3
Effect on food chains and food webs 2.3.4
Ecosystem functioning 3 Types of biotoxins
produced by harmful algal blooms 3.1
Saxitoxins 3.2 Brevetoxins 3.3 Domoic acid
3.4 Ciguatoxins 4 Techniques applied to
control the harmful algal blooms and their
toxins 4.1 Microorganisms-based methods
for HABs control 4.1.1 Single-species
microorganisms based methods Rapid
decrease of algal cells density Bacterial
bioflocculation 4.1.2 Methods for
inhibition of harmful algal growth 4.1.3
Methods for the lysis or killing of
harmful algal growth Algicidal
bacteria-based methods Algicidal
actinomycete based methods 4.1.4 Microbial
aggregates-based methods for HABs control
Periphyton based methods Biofilm based
methods 4.2 Zooplanktons used to mitigate
HABs 4.3 Algae used to mitigate HABs 4.4
Fungi used to mitigate HABs 4.5 Cyanophage
used to mitigate HABs 4.6 Fish species
used to mitigate HABs 5 Fungi used to
mitigate HABs 6 Detection methods and
mechanism of action of controlling the
harmful algal bloom by fungi 7 Swotting
socio-economic impacts of harmful algal
blooms and their control by fungi 8
Conclusions References Chapter 7 Mycoloop:
Role in shaping aquatic ecosystems 1
Introduction 2 The concept of mycoloop 3
The role of fungi in aquatic environment
3.1 Physico-chemical properties of aquatic
environment 3.2 Role of fungi as
decomposers, predators, endophytes,
parasites, and disease-causing organisms
in the aquatic milieu 3.2.1 Fungi as
decomposers 3.2.2 Fungi as predators 3.2.3
Fungi as endophytes 3.2.4 Fungi as
parasites 3.2.5 Fungi as disease-causing
agents 3.2.6 Fungi as organic matter
producers 3.2.7 Role of fungi in
stabilization of ecosystems 3.3
Biogeochemical functions of planktonic
fungi 3.3.1 Nutrient cycling 3.4 Fungi in
hypoxic and anoxic habitats 3.4.1
Ecological significance of fungi in
hypoxic and anoxic environments 3.5
Diversity of fungi in hypoxic and anoxic
aquatic environments 3.6 Molecular methods
for fungal identification and metagenomics
3.6.1 Extraction of DNA 3.6.2 PCR method
for amplifying the genes of interest 3.6.3
Sequencing of the amplified gene 3.6.4
Phylogenetic analysis References Chapter 8
Biochemical and industrial potential of
aquatic fungi 1 Introduction 2 Aquatic
fungi 3 Biodiversity of aquatic fungi 4
Industrial applications of aquatic fungi 5
Aquatic fungi: Sources of various enzymes
and their potential applications 5.1
Amylases 5.2 Lipases 5.3 Esterases 5.4
Lignocellulases 5.5 Xylanases 5.6 Other
enzymes 6 Biosurfactants and other
polysaccharides from aquatic fungi 7
Secondary metabolites from aquatic fungi:
Potential producers of pharmaceutical
biomolecules 8 Use of fungi derived
bioactive compounds in cosmetics 9 Aquatic
fungi in bioremediation 9.1 Hydrocarbons
9.2 Heavy metals 10 Conclusions References
Chapter 9 Bioprospecting,
biotransformation and bioremediation
potential of fungi in freshwater
ecosystems 1 Introduction 2 Aquatic
habitat and ecological features 3 Aquatic
fungi 3.1 Aquatic ascomycetes 3.1.1
Aquatic dothideomycetes 3.1.2 Aquatic
sordariyomycetes 3.1.3 Aquatic
ascomycetous yeast 3.2 Aquatic
basidiomycetes 3.3 Aquatic
chytridiomycetes 3.4 Aquatic
blastiocladiomycota 3.5 Aquatic
rozellomyceta 3.6 Aquatic aphelidiomycota
4 Decomposition and food web 5 Organic
matter producers 6 Fresh water
fungi-bioprospecting 6.1 Dibenzo[ b, e
]oxepinones 6.2 Methyl gallate 7
Bioremediation using aquatic fungi 7.1
Organic agrochemical bioremediation using
fungi 7.2 White rot fungi and
bioremediation of pesticides 7.3
Bioremediation of dyes 7.4 Bioremediation
of heavy metals using fungi 7.4.1
Bioremediation of chromium [Cr(VI)] 7.4.2
Bioremediation of selenium 7.5
Bioremediation of pharmaceutical
contaminants 8 Biotransformation using
aquatic fungi 8.1 Biotransformation of
1-Naphthol 8.2 Biotransformation of lignin
8.3 Biotransformation of diterpenoids 9
Conclusions References Chapter 10
Fungicide and pesticide fallout on aquatic
fungi 1 Introduction 2 Pesticides in
aquatic ecosystems 2.1 Fungicides and
water resources contamination 2.2
Fungicide effects on aquatic
microorganisms and animals 3 Reducing the
adverse impacts of fungicides 3.1
Continuous and regular monitoring of water
and soil resources 3.2 Bio-fungicides and
reduction of chemical fungicides
consumption 3.3 Determination/detection of
pesticides residues in water resources 4
Future perspectives 5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments References Chapter 11
Heavy metal accumulation potential of
aquatic fungi 1 Introduction 2 Worldwide
contamination of air, water and soils by
heavy metals 2.1 Air contamination by
heavy metals 2.2 Water contamination by
heavy metal 2.3 Soil contamination by
heavy metals 3 Direct and indirect effect
of ecotoxic heavy metals on life 4
Effective microbial processes for heavy
metal transformation 5 Genetically
engineered microorganisms for heavy metal
removal 6 Importance of fungi in heavy
metals degradation and processing 7
Mechanism of action to remove heavy metal
by fungal strains 8 Conclusion References
Chapter 12 Diseases and infections due to
freshwater fungi 1 Introduction 1.1
Non-infectious diseases 1.2 Infectious
diseases 2 Potential causes of infections
and diseases in freshwater 3 Fungal
infection in freshwater 4 The life style
of fungal pathogens 5 Pathogenic Fungi
derived from different sources of
freshwater 5.1 Opportunistic Fungi from
groundwater 5.2 Opportunistic Fungi from
surface water 5.3 Opportunistic Fungi from
Tapwater 6 Common fungal infections and
diseases 6.1 Fungal keratitis 6.2 Fungal
Keratoconjunctivitis 6.3 Fungal acute
otitis externa 6.4 Saprolegniosis 6.5
Ichthyophoniasis 6.6 Branchiomyces 6.7
Black gill disease (fusarium disease) 6.8
Aflatoxicosis (red disease) 6.9 Other
fungal infections 7 Detection techniques
for identification of the freshwater
derived fungal pathogens 8 Treatment and
preventive measures against freshwater
derived fungal infections 9 Conclusions
References Chapter 13 An insight into the
study methods of aquatic fungi 1
Introduction 2 A little about the classic
studies 3 Studies using molecular
techniques 3.1 Essential elements for
molecular techniques 3.1.1 DNA as a tool
for the study of fungi 3.1.2 The fungi DNA
barcoding 3.2 Techniques that made
molecular analyses possible 3.2.1
RFLP—Restriction fragment length
polymorphism 3.2.2 T-RFLP—Terminal
restriction fragment length polymorphism
3.2.3 Amplified fragment length
polymorphism 3.2.4 DGGE—Denaturing
gradient gel electrophoresis 3.2.5
FISH—Fluorescent in situ hybridization
3.2.6 Next-generation sequencing and the
metagenomics 4 What do the current studies
show and where are we going now?
Acknowledgments References Chapter 14
Metagenomic insights into the fungal
assemblages of freshwater ecosystems 1
Introduction 2 Role of Fungi in freshwater
ecosystems 3 Linking metagenomics to
aquatic microbial ecology 3.1 PCR
amplification of internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) regions/use of specific
marker genes 3.2 Shotgun metagenomics 4
Diversity, spatial distribution, and
activity of freshwater fungi 5 Freshwater
fungal biodiversity is controlled by the
environment and governs ecological
functions 6 Conclusions References Chapter
15 Freshwater fungi in the Amazon as a
potential source of antimicrobials 1
Introduction 2 Aquatic ecosystems in the
Amazon 3 Freshwater fungi 4 Aquatic fungi
as a source of antimicrobials 5
Conclusions Financing information Conflict
of interest References Chapter 16 Fungi:
The indicators of pollution 1 Introduction
2 Classification of pollution indicators
2.1 Physical indicators 2.2 Chemical
indicators 2.3 Biological indicators 3
Significance of biological indicators 4
Fungi as an indicator of air pollution 5
Fungi as an indicator of water pollution 6
Fungi as an indicator of soil pollution 7
Fungi as an indicator of radioactive
contamination 8 Conclusions
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