Sturgeon species have existed since pre-history but many are now seriously threatened with extinction. Future efforts to conserve sturgeons must take into account socio-economic factors, water pollution, destruction of habitat and reduced access to traditional spawning grounds. Implementation and enforcement of the Convention can, however, have a major beneficial effect. That is why the CITES Secretariat believes this Guide will be of substantial assistance to enforcement staff in their efforts to tackle illegal trade in sturgeon and sturgeon products and is delighted to be associated with its publication.