Wild animals have been housed in zoos and aquariums for 5,000 years, fascinating people living in virtually every society. Today, these institutions are at a new milestone in their history. This second edition of Zoo and Aquarium History takes the reader on a journey through the transition of private collections to menageries, to zoos, then zoological gardens, and more recently conservation centers and sanctuaries. Under the direction of Vernon N. Kisling, an expert in zoo history, an international team of authors has thoroughly updated the only comprehensive, global history of animal collections, menageries, zoos, and aquariums. The resulting book documents the continuum of efforts in maintaining wild animal collections from ancient civilizations through today, explaining how modern zoos have developed their mission statements around the core aims of conservation, education, research and recreation. This new edition pulls together regional information, including new chapters on zoological gardens of Canada, Latin America, China, Israel, the Middle East, and New Zealand, along with the cultural aspects of each region to provide a foundation upon which further research can be based. It presents a chronological listing of the world's zoos and aquariums and features many never-before published photographs. Sidebars present supplementary information on pertinent personalities, events, and wildlife conservation issues. The original Appendix has been expanded to include over 1,200 zoos and aquariums, providing an invaluable resource. This is an extensive, chronological introduction to the subject, highlighting the published and archival resources for those who want to know more.

Chapter 1 Ancient Collections and Menageries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Keeping Wild Animals
1.2.1 Environmental Knowledge
1.2.2 Domestication of Wild Animals
1.2.3 Beyond Domestication—Collecting Wild Animals
1.3 Ancient Collections
1.3.1 Mesopotamian Collections
1.3.2 Ancient Egyptian Collections
1.3.3 Ancient Asian Collections—India and China
1.3.4 Greek and Roman Collections
1.3.5 Persian and Arab Collections
1.3.6 Medieval Collections
1.3.7 Aztec and Inca Collections
1.4 Menageries
1.4.1 European Menageries
1.4.2 Colonial Menageries
1.4.3 Evolution of the Zoo and Aquarium
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 2 Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tower of London
2.3 Exeter ‘Change
2.4 Zoological Society of London
2.5 The 1830s Proliferation
2.6 Edinburgh Zoo
2.7 Paignton, Chester, Dudley Zoos
2.8 Bird Gardens
2.9 Jersey
2.10 The 1960s Zoo Boom
2.11 Blackpool, Marwell, Belfast Zoos
2.12 Dublin Zoo
2.13 Victorian Aquarium Craze to a New Aquarium Age
2.14 The Anti-Zoo Era and a New Millennium
References
Chapter 3 Zoological Gardens of Western Europe
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Post-Medieval Collections to Modern Zoos
3.2.1 Game Parks, Falconries and Pheasantries
3.2.2 Deer Moats, Bear Pits and Lion Cages
3.2.3 Menageries
3.2.4 Transition from Menagerie to Modern Zoo—Schönbrunn and Berlin
3.2.5 Transition from Menagerie to Modern Zoo—Jardin des Plantes
3.3 Early Modern Zoos
3.3.1 The Exotic Style and the Systematic Zoo
3.3.2 The Hagenbeck Revolution
3.4 Modern Zoos
3.4.1 Zoos of the Early Twentieth Century
3.4.2 Zoos of the Late Twentieth Century
3.5 Western European Zoological Gardens in the Twenty-First Century
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 4 Zoological Gardens of Eastern Europe and Russia
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Poland
4.2.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Poland through the Nineteenth Century
4.2.2 Origin of Modern Polish Zoos to 1939
4.2.3 Polish Zoos during and after World War II
4.2.4 General Characteristics and Comments on Polish Zoos
4.3 Russia
4.3.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Russia through the Nineteenth Century
4.3.2 Origin of Modern Zoos in Russia to 1917
4.4 Soviet Union
4.4.1 Soviet Zoos—Political and Economic Realities
4.4.2 Russian Zoos in the Soviet Union
4.4.3 Other Zoos in the Soviet Union
4.4.4 General Characteristics and Comments on Soviet Zoos
4.5 Czech and Slovak Republics
4.6 Hungary
4.7 Bulgaria
4.8 Eastern European and Russian Zoological Gardens Evolve
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 5 Zoological Gardens of the United States
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Menageries
5.3 Nineteenth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
5.4 Twentieth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
5.5 Charting a New Course for the Twenty-First Century
5.5.1 Focusing on Mission
5.5.2 Growing Great Leaders
5.5.3 Raising the Bar on Animal Care and Conservation
5.5.4 Powering Up through Philanthropy and Partnerships
5.5.5 The Future
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 6 Zoological Gardens of Canada
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Origins—Acclimatization to Entertainment, 1847–1950
6.3 Development—Frivolity to Maturity, 1950–2000
6.4 The Twenty-First Century—Reflection and Conservation
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 7 Zoological Gardens of Australia and New Zealand
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Foundation and Development, 1857–1920
7.2.1 Origins
7.2.2 Enclosure Design
7.2.3 The Animal Collections
7.2.4 Early Development of the Four Objectives
7.2.5 Visitors
7.3 Survival, 1920–1960
7.3.1 Enclosure Design and the Animal Collection
7.3.2 Hallstrom and Taronga Zoo
7.3.3 Survival of the Four Objectives
7.4 Modernization, 1960–1999
7.4.1 Modernization of the Four Objectives
7.4.2 Visitors
7.5 A New Age for Australia and New Zealand Zoological Gardens
References
Chapter 8 Zoological Gardens of the Middle East
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Afghanistan
8.3 Cyprus
8.4 Iran
8.5 Iraq
8.6 Jordan
8.7 Kuwait
8.8 Oman
8.9 Saudi Arabia
8.10 Turkey
8.11 United Arab Emirates
8.12 Yemen
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 9 Zoological Gardens of Israel
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Early Zoos and Aquariums, 1930s–1940s
9.3 Israeli Zoos and Aquariums, 1950s–2020
References
Chapter 10 Zoological Gardens of Asia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 South Asia
10.2.1 Bangladesh
10.2.2 Bhutan
10.2.3 Nepal
10.2.4 Pakistan
10.2.5 Sri Lanka
10.3 Southeast Asia
10.3.1 Brunei
10.3.2 Cambodia
10.3.3 Laos
10.3.4 Malaysia
10.3.5 Myanmar
10.3.6 Philippines
10.3.7 Singapore
10.3.8 Thailand
10.3.9 Vietnam
10.4 Indonesia
10.4.1 Java
10.4.2 Sumatra
10.5 Korea
References
Chapter 11 Zoological Gardens of India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ancients and Invaders
11.2.1 The Vedic Period—Spiritual and Mystical Values
11.2.2 The Gupta and Mogul Periods
11.2.3 The European Period—Utilitarian or Mechanistic Values
11.3 Nineteenth-Century Indian Zoos
11.3.1 Calcutta’s Wild Animal Collections—Four Early Ones
11.3.2 Old Madras State Zoos
11.3.3 Kerala Trivandrum (Old Travancore State) and Trichur Zoos
11.3.4 Sakkarbaug Zoo and the Gir Lions
11.3.5 Maharastra State and the Bombay Zoo
11.3.6 Princely Zoos
11.3.7 Old Mysore’s Zoos
11.3.8 Early Collections Not Normally Mentioned
11.4 Twentieth-Century Indian Zoos
11.4.1 Modern Zoos and the National Zoological Park
11.4.1.1 National Zoological Park
11.4.2 Indian Crocodile Project and Specialist Zoos
11.5 Indian Zoos and Wildlife
11.5.1 Indian Board for Wildlife and Wildlife Protection Act
11.5.2 Management of Zoos in India
11.6 The Future of Indian Zoos
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 12 Zoological Gardens of China
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Late Imperial China, 1644–1911
12.2.1 Palace and Temple Menageries
12.2.2 Imperial Game Parks and Early Wildlife Conservation
12.2.3 The First Chinese Zoological Gardens
12.3 Republic of China, 1912–1949
12.3.1 Zoological Gardens in an Era of Turmoil
12.3.2 China’s First Aquariums
12.3.3 Enter the Panda
12.4 People’s Republic of China, 1949–2021
12.4.1 New Zoos for a New China
12.4.2 Rare Animal Breeding and Safari Parks
12.4.3 New Aquariums and Marine Animal Parks
12.5 Taiwan, 1895–2021
12.6 Trends and Prospects
References
Chapter 13 Zoological Gardens of Japan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Historical Overview
13.2.1 Pre-Restoration Era
13.2.2 The Emergence of Modern Zoos
13.2.3 World War II and Beyond
13.3 Institutional Overview
13.3.1 The Setting
13.3.2 Zoos
13.3.3 Aquariums
13.3.4 Traveling Menageries and Safari Parks
13.3.5 Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums
13.4 Administrative Overview
13.4.1 Governing Authorities
13.4.1.1 Staff
13.4.1.2 Sheltered Complacency
13.4.1.3 Publications
13.4.2 Marketing and Events
13.4.3 Philanthropy
13.4.4 Animals as Commodities
13.5 Animal Collections
13.5.1 Marveling at Giraffe
13.5.2 Animal News Makers
13.5.3 Exhibits
13.5.3.1 Insectariums
13.5.4 Breeding Programs
13.5.4.1 Native and Endemic Species
13.5.5 Research Activities
13.5.5.1 Conservation Activities
13.6 Internationalization and Cultural Uniqueness
13.6.1 The Sakoku Factor
13.6.2 Environmental Awareness
13.6.3 Penchant for Group Acceptance
13.7 Sailing Uncharted Waters for Tomorrow
References
Chapter 14 Zoological Gardens of Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Arab Republic of Egypt
14.2.1 Giza Zoological Gardens
14.2.2 Other Egyptian and Sudanese Territory Zoos
14.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
14.3.1 Kenya
14.3.2 Republic of South Africa
14.3.3 Other African Nations
14.3.3.1 Malawi
14.3.3.2 Morocco
14.3.3.3 Mozambique
14.3.3.4 Ghana, Senegal and Nigeria
14.4 African Region
14.4.1 Malagasy Republic (Madagascar)
14.4.2 Mauritius
14.5 The Impossible Dream?
References
Additional Sources
Chapter 15 Zoological Gardens of Latin America
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Brazil
15.2.1 Northern Regions
15.2.2 Center-West Region
15.2.3 Southern Regions
15.2.4 Parque Zoobotânico Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
15.3 South America
15.3.1 Argentina
15.3.2 Bolivia
15.3.3 Colombia
15.3.4 Venezuela
15.4 Central America
15.5 The Future of Latin American Zoos and Aquariums