The
marine environment, in addition to a
not insignificant background of
"natural" radioactivity, has continued
to receive inputs of radionuclides
directly or indirectly through atomic
fallout, discharges from the nuclear
industry or from nuclear accidents.
After their introduction, the fate of
these radionuclides is complex with
modifications of physicochemical
forms, dispersion in marine water
masses and adsorption onto sedimentary
particles. Marine organisms then
bioaccumulate these radionuclides to a
greater or lesser extent, dispersing
them via their burrowing activities,
horizontal and vertical migrations or
through food webs.
All of
these phenomena lead to very variable
radioactive contamination, depending
on location and the nature of the
marine environments concerned, and
consequently, to very different doses
of irradiation to marine organisms.
The harmful effects of ionizing
radiation on living marine organisms
are felt at varying levels of
biological organization from the
molecule to the ecosystem, passing
through the cell, the organ, the
individual and the population. In the
end, the radioactive risk for marine
organisms can decline according to
several situations, which can be
normal, programmed or accidental.
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