This book is a compendium of research efforts and findings on the sources, occurrences, hydrochemistry, and several operating variables that influence the presence of oxyanions in aqua system. 
The content of this book has been designed to provide an insightful account of an array of innovative technologies for the management of the impacts of oxyanions in water, the progress and drawbacks of these technologies and those that have been effectively deployed to transform oxyanions in water to beneficial species. This book further x-rays global laws and economic policies targeted at effectively curtailing the presence of harmful oxyanions in water, challenges facing these policies, and future perspectives on how best to reduce the level of these harmful oxyanions in water to safe limit. 
The book is relevant to water professionals, policy makers, academics, and research students...

Table of contents :
1 Oxyanions in Aqua Systems—Friends or Foes? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Hydrochemistry of Oxyanions 1.3 Features, Mode of Occurrence, and Health Implications 1.3.1 Antimony Oxyanions 1.3.2 Arsenic Oxyanions 1.3.3 Boron Oxyanions 1.3.4 Bromine Oxyanions 1.3.5 Carbon Oxyanions 1.3.6 Chlorine Oxyanions 1.3.7 Chromium Oxyanions 1.3.8 Molybdenum Oxyanions 1.3.9 Nitrogen Oxyanions 1.3.10 Phosphorus Oxyanions 1.3.11 Lead (Plumbum) Oxyanions 1.3.12 Sulfur Oxyanions 1.3.13 Selenium Oxyanions 1.3.14 Silicon Oxyanions 1.4 Choosing Being Friend or Foe-The Determinants 1.4.1 Aqua Phase Concentration Range 1.4.2 pH Value of the Aqua Phase 1.4.3 Valency/Oxidation State 1.5 Conclusion References 2 Ecological Impacts of Oxyanion in Aqua Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Ecological System 2.3 Sources and Pathways of Contamination 2.4 Ecological Impact of Selected Oxyanions 2.4.1 Oxyanion of Selenium 2.4.2 Oxyanions of Arsenic 2.4.3 Oxyanion of Chromium 2.4.4 Oxyanion of Molybdenum 2.4.5 Oxyanions of Nitrogen 2.4.6 Oxyanions of Phosphorus 2.4.7 Vanadium Oxyanions 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Oxyanions in Groundwater System—Prevalence, Dynamics, and Management Strategies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Prevalence of Oxyanions in GW System 3.2.1 Natural Occurrence 3.2.2 Human Activities 3.3 The Dynamics of Oxyanions in GW System 3.3.1 Physical Factors 3.3.2 Chemical Perturbation 3.3.3 Biological Activities 3.4 Management Strategies 3.4.1 Adsorption 3.4.2 Coagulation 3.4.3 Membrane Separation 3.4.4 Oxidation–Reduction 3.4.5 Natural Processes 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Occurrence and Management of Selenium Oxyanions in Water 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Occurrence and Sources of Selenium Oxyanions in Water 4.3 Management of Selenium Oxyanion in Water 4.3.1 Selenium Removal by Reduction Technique 4.3.2 Adsorption 4.3.3 Photocatalysis 4.3.4 Coagulation 4.3.5 Electrocoagulation 4.3.6 Bioremediation 4.3.7 Phytoremediation 4.3.8 Co-precipitation 4.4 Future Perspectives References 5 Advances in the Management of the Neglected Oxyanions (Antimoniate, Borates, Carbonates, and Molybdate) in Aqua System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Boron Oxyanion 5.3 Antimony Oxyanion 5.4 Carbon Oxyanion 5.5 Molybdates 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Trends in the Management of Arsenic Contamination in Potable Water 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Dynamics of Arsenic in a Potable Water System 6.3 The Management Strategies 6.3.1 Oxidation-Based Strategies 6.3.2 Coagulation–Flocculation-Based Strategies 6.3.3 Membrane Technology 6.3.4 Adsorption 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Prospects of Photocatalysis in the Management of Nitrate Contamination in Potable Water 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nitrate Pollution in Water 7.2.1 Physicochemical and Photochemistry of Nitrate and Nitride 7.2.2 Sources of Nitrate in Water 7.2.3 Nitrate Toxicity 7.2.4 Permissible Level of Nitrates and Nitrites in Drinking Water 7.3 Conventional Techniques for Nitrate Removal/Reduction 7.4 Photocatalysis for Nitrate Reduction/Removal in Water 7.4.1 Direct Inorganic Nitrogen Species Photocatalysis 7.4.2 Influence of Operational Parameters 7.4.3 Photocatalysts for Nitrate Reduction 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Advances in the Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for the Management of Oxyanions in Water 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Overview and Working Principles of Microbial Fuel Cells Technology 8.2.1 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in MFCs 8.3 Removal of Oxyanions from Wastewater Using MFC Technology 8.3.1 Chromium Oxyanions 8.3.2 Nitrogenous Oxyanions 8.3.3 Perchlorate Oxyanions 8.3.4 Selenium Oxyanions 8.3.5 Arsenic Oxyanions 8.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations References 9 Managing Oxyanions in Aquasystems—Calling Microbes to Action 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Removal of Contaminants by Microbes in Aqua Systems 9.2.1 Removal of Selenate and Selenite by Microbes in Aqua Systems 9.2.2 Removal of Arsenate and Arsenite from Aqua Systems by Microbes 9.2.3 Removal of Chromate from Aqua Systems by Microbes 9.2.4 Removal of Phosphate from Aqua Systems by Microorganisms 9.2.5 Removal of Perchlorate and Chlorate from Aqua Systems by Microbes 9.2.6 Removal of Nitrate and Nitrites from Aqua Systems by Microbes 9.2.7 Removal of Bromate and Its Related Oxyanions from Aqua Systems by Microbes 9.3 Future Perspective References 10 The Halogen-Oxyanion Derivatives as Contaminants of Concern in Water 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Research Trends 10.2 Occurrence, Sources and Fate of Halogen Oxyanion in Aqua Systems 10.2.1 Oxyanions of Chlorine 10.2.2 Fate of Chlorine-Oxyanions in Waters 10.2.3 Sources of Perchlorate 10.2.4 Effects of Perchlorate on Human Health and the Environment 10.2.5 Sources of Chlorate and Chlorite 10.2.6 Effects of Chlorate and Chlorite on Human Health and the Environment 10.3 Oxyanions of Bromine 10.3.1 Fate of Bromates in Waters 10.3.2 Effects of Bromine Oxyanions in Water and the Environment 10.4 Oxyanions of Iodine 10.4.1 Fate of Iodine Oxyanions in Waters 10.5 Measurement of Halogen Oxyanions in Aqua Systems 10.5.1 Classical Methods 10.5.2 Chromatography 10.5.3 Flow Injection Method 10.6 Future Perspective References 11 Monitoring and Management of Anions in Polluted Aqua Systems: Case Studies on Nitrate, Chromate, Pertechnetate and Diclofenac 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Common Oxyanions: Sources, Abundance and Occurrence 11.3 Oxyanions in Aquatic System: Public Health and Environment 11.4 Current Approaches to Oxyanion Sequestration 11.4.1 Nitrate as an Example of a Nonmetal-Based Oxyanion 11.4.2 Chromate as an Example of a Metal-Based Oxyanion 11.4.3 Pertechnetate as an Example of a Radioactive Oxyanion 11.4.4 Diclofenac as an Example of an Organic Anion 11.5 Final Observations References 12 Removal of Nitrogen Oxyanion (Nitrate) in Constructed Wetlands 12.1 Background 12.1.1 Nitrate in the Environment 12.1.2 Constructed Wetlands 12.2 Nitrogen Transformation in Constructed Wetlands 12.2.1 Ammonification 12.2.2 Nitrification 12.3 Denitrification 12.3.1 Assimilation Process of Nitrogen 12.4 Factors Affecting Nitrogen Removal Efficiency in CWs 12.4.1 Carbon Source 12.4.2 Selected Operating Parameters 12.4.3 Vegetation Type 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Global Laws and Economic Policies in Abatement of Oxyanion in Aqua Systems: Challenges and Future Perspectives 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Global Regulation of Oxyanion Pollutants: A Right-Based Approach 13.2.1 The Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) 1948 13.2.2 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 13.3 The Global Regulation of Toxic Oxyanion: A Transboundary Approach 13.3.1 United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 13.3.2 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) 1997 13.4 The Global Regulation of Oxyanion Pollutants: Economic Instruments Approach 13.4.1 Pricing as Economic Instrument to Control Water Pollution 13.4.2 Product Charges 13.4.3 User Charges/Fees 13.4.4 Effluent Charges 13.4.5 Enforcement Incentive 13.4.6 Subsidies 13.4.7 Marketable or Tradable Permits 13.4.8 Deposit-Refund Scheme 13.5 Perspectives For the Future 13.6 Concluding Remarks